Application of nuclear technology is closely related with people's lives, especially the isotope and radiation technology (hereinafter referred to as "the same convergence technology"). Because of its own technical advantages and a high degree of permeability, in industry, agriculture, medicine, environmental protection and many other fields have been widely used. In the United States, Japan and other developed countries have formed a very great vitality of the industry, its economic size and employment over nuclear power, the country's GDP growth had a significant impact. Japan and other developed countries that the nuclear and radiation technologies with two wheels like a car, but with the development of radiation technology to improve the quality of life and close.
The status quo
China and the research and application of radiation technology over 40 years of development history, has experienced to create a period of research and development period, applications and industrial development.
The nineties in the "reform and opening", "education" and under the guidance of the principle of sustainable development strategy, China Isotope and Radiation Technology in industrial development has made outstanding progress and significant achievements. According to statistics, the end of 2003 engaged in R & D and production with the convergence of more than 300 units, of which about 230 factories and enterprises, there is a certain amount of more than 40 scientific research institutes, universities and about 20, the application of radioisotopes and radiation technology, more than 6,000 enterprises, employing about 50,000 people. 2003, with annual output value of industry spoke about 37.6 billion yuan (including ion implantation and other related value of 20 billion), comparable to the method of calculation, compared with 1999, average annual growth rate of 18%, especially in the following several areas:
In the γ-radiation devices, the source of China's cobalt unit is small, the soil, mixed condition is fundamentally be changed; industrial electron accelerators, the rapidly developing.
Radiation chemical industry had been some value over billions of enterprises, some enterprises output value has exceeded 300 million yuan. Radiation chemical effects of ionizing radiation is the use of chemical changes produced in the material (chemical combination, decomposition, cross-linking, polymerization, grafting, curing, degradation, etc.) to achieve the material modification of a new processing method. Can be prepared using conventional synthetic methods or difficult to obtain high-performance specialty materials. High value-added products, wide range of applications involving communications, electronics, power transportation, petrochemical, aerospace and many other important areas of economic, technological convergence in the same industry occupies an important position.
Radiation processing services, food irradiation is an important application of γ-radiation area, food irradiation because of its energy saving, convenient and efficient, health safety, to maintain the flavor of foods and other unique advantages, increasingly has been widely used . After 2003, China's food irradiation for more than 10 million tons, 60,000 tons more than in 1999 increased by 67%. Radiation exposure among the first in the world, the United States in September 2003 held an international conference on radiation processing, food irradiation is recognized as the preferred development projects.
With the emphasis on environmental protection and people's health, radiation sterilization of medical supplies is also a great development. For the use of radiation sterilization of products, their safety performance and health quality has been confirmed, an increasingly significant social, economic and competitive ability, which has become the industry in foreign countries in the rapid development of radiation processing, the application of very important areas of success , China has great development potential. In ray detection and control, the use of conventional isotope instrument more than 250 million units, of which nuclear gauge annual output of 2,500 units, occupies most of the domestic market. Large container inspection system is China's nuclear technology, the most internationally competitive world-class quality products.
And tracing in radiation mutation breeding. Agriculture, nuclear technology is China's agricultural and rural economic development, an important support, widely used in agriculture and the cultivation of new varieties of seed improvement, efficient use of agricultural resources, agricultural products processing, major crop pest control and other areas, especially in radiation breeding, our go the forefront in the world.
Isotopes and their products. National production and supply of isotope products more than 70 nuclides of 1000 kinds of products with 2003 sales of more than 410 million yuan, more than 2.8 billion yuan in 1999, 46%, mainly used in nuclear medicine (drugs) in the field.
Radiation processing technology waste management, environmental protection and management of the common responsibility of mankind. China's concept of the past due to technical obsolescence, over-exploitation of resources and weak enforcement of laws, so that environmental pollution is a serious problem in China. Strategic approach to sustainable development under the guidance of the state attaches great importance to environmental protection, increase the intensity of pollution. The method of ionizing radiation has the bio-degradable because of pollutants into the advantages of biodegradable material, or even turning waste into treasure, has received increased attention at home and abroad, the country has been carried out on gas, wastewater, solid waste experiments or pilot studies, especially in the use of electron beam radiation processing coal-fired power plant dust removal, desulphurization work in Sichuan, Hangzhou, Beijing and other places to carry out industrialization demonstration, and the estimated nationwide market share of nearly 2,000 billion . Radiation processing technology in the field of environmental protection has broad application prospects.
Problems
China compared with developed countries with convergence industry, regardless of level of technology or economies of scale there is a considerable gap, the main question is:
Convergence of technology with industry knowledge, lack of viable master plan. Over the years, although the relevant departments have also made a lot of research, but the overall lack of practical planning, implementation and more talk less action and more emotion, less difficult to scale and fragmented nature of industry.
Insufficient capital investment, industrial chain is short. Technology to China and spoke with today's development is supported with the competent authorities to help inseparable. With radiation depends mainly on the development of the industry is still the eighties of last century before and after the accumulation of scientific research, new products, especially products with independent intellectual property rights of small, almost no originality, a large number of foreign equipment, apparatus, filled with domestic the market. Innovation is mainly due to weak channels of a single R & D funding, insufficient capital investment. In a market economy, started to study nuclear technology have transformed some of the research institutes set up a "Qinghua", "Atomic Hi-Tech", "(Changchun) Kinwa", "old technology" and the "nuclear high-pass "," HKUST innovation "and other joint-stock companies or enterprise groups, showing a new vitality; non-nuclear large-scale enterprises such as Shanshan Group, Gold Corporation, Jiangsu Transportation, Capital Group and so have access to nuclear technology applications, it is encouraged. In the new situation, so that the main business as a market economy, its direction is entirely correct, but with the growing convergence in the enterprise, but also to take no more funds for research and development, the majority of enterprises with investment in plant transformation and purchase of equipment. In the radiation chemical industry, according to a sample survey, the average science and technology investment in recent years to only 0.8% of annual sales revenue, well below the high-tech industry of not less than 2% of the lowest warning level, the enterprise is far from the main body of innovation. From the national scale of investment in research and development, China is middle level, and applied research on nuclear technology investment are declining; even as the United States, Japan, South Korea such as the main market-economy countries, government authorities still in basic research and industrial development and other process equipment has invested heavily in the United States, throughout the 1990s decline in federal research funding by 9%, but investment in basic research but jumped 42 percent in 2000, the United States for basic research funding is $ 47.9 billion, accounting for all research funding of about 1 / 4, which put the federal government accounted for nearly half; Since 1992-1996, the Korean government allocated $ 500 million for the implementation of nuclear technology development program, 1997 Atomic Energy Research Institute was established after the planned re-investment in the 1997-2006 $ 2.6 billion in long-term development of nuclear technology for the implementation of the plan. These initiatives are worthy of our serious consideration.
Lack of a unified and coordinated management and strong policy support. Convergence technologies with a special technology, special industries, strengthening the management is undoubtedly necessary. According to incomplete statistics, and industry related with the management of radiation related to 7-8, but has conflicts, lack of a unified coordination. In addition, some lagging behind, such as ethylene oxide sterilization on the lack of strong binding with international standards; on environmentally-friendly irradiated food preservation, customs and quarantine, flue gas treatment and so need strong policy support and guidance.
Team lost, Houjifaren restricting the bottleneck of industrial development with radiation. In the 50-70 years of China's economy is very difficult to face under the weight of the international anti-China forces, fighting to build up a very able team of nuclear technology. But with changes in domestic and international situation, the team gradually weakened in some areas. China has successfully built a large collider accelerator devices, but in the industrial accelerator R & D is the bulk of adult devices, such as the only accelerator in the Institute established the enterprise in its design, the backbone of R & D lost; to for the study of nuclear agriculture and made significant achievements in the use of some agricultural Atomic Energy Research Institute, in the system in danger of being delisted from the plight of the majority;
Develop nuclear technology due to lack of talent development strategy, a number of major universities with nuclear-related expertise has been adjusted, merger or withdrawn, while the same industry in the 50-60 years of radiation science and technology talent is gradually retired, spoke with industry professionals in China personnel appeared lean, Houjifaren situation. Speed up the training of nuclear scientists exercise a priority.
Trend
Isotope and radiation technology promising. It is reported that in developed countries with the economic benefits of radiation technology has made about 2-5% of national income, input and output ratio up to 1:5 to 1:10 in 1991 the United States, "Management Information Services" to the two-year survey of more than 1994, Chairman of the U.S. nuclear science in international conferences have been published and concluded that the United States of radioisotopes and radioactive materials, non-power applications, contributing to the U.S. economy $ 257 billion / year, is nuclear power ( $ 73 billion) and 3.5 times, accounting for 3.9% of U.S. GDP and create about 3.7 million jobs. And exclaimed it was a "little-known truth." In order to verify this conclusion, the United States Youyi reference year 1995, conducted a two-year investigation, published in 1997, the results: convergence technologies with 1995, the United States (ie, non-power applications) the contribution of the U.S. economy have a larger growth, reaching $ 331 billion for nuclear power (902 billion U.S. dollars) of 3.67 times, accounting for 4.7% of U.S. GDP, and provides 395 million jobs. In this situation, Japan Isotope Association in 1997 began a three-year survey in 2000 carried a report, the conclusion is consistent with the United States, convergence technologies with economies of scale of 714 billion U.S. dollars, is nuclear power (606 billion U.S. dollars) 1.18-fold, accounting for 1.7% of GDP in Japan. Western developed countries, the reality for our industry provides an important reference for our country under the present conditions, through the efforts of the convergence technologies with industrial scale accounted for 1% of GDP, which should be 100 billion yuan annual output value can be achieved .
CPC National Congress proposed the 21st century, the first 20 years of building a moderately prosperous society in the grand blueprint for 2020 GDP will quadruple in 2000. This period is the development of isotope and radiation technology, domestic and foreign industry, the key period. In January, the National Development and Reform Commission issued to the "non-power nuclear technology for civilian high-tech industrialization projects" of the notice, a clear direction to focus on technology: nuclear detection imaging system; new devices and radiological diagnosis and treatment of innovative drugs ;-ray technology in environmental protection applications; application of radiation processing and material modification; new accelerators and other radiation installations and radiation isotope products, and commissioned Publicizing Association held a forum to put forward about five years so that our nuclear technology application of industrial output value reached 100 billion yuan of industrial scale, and maintain an average annual growth rate of 15%, which is the development of convergence industry with tremendous support and encouragement. At the national focus on addressing the "three rural" issue of the excellent situation, nuclear agriculture will also play an important role. In a recent industry associations to complete the "convergence technologies with industrial development and Countermeasures Study", also made the same development objectives, and suggested that the radiation chemical industry, food irradiation, medical care of radiation sterilization supplies, nuclear detection equipment agricultural nuclear technology, radiation, waste management, radioisotope products and industrial accelerator with electron radiation in eight areas of industrial development as the key isotopes, and fundamentally improve the convergence of China's industry with the technological level and competitiveness of industrial scale for the country economic and social development and make greater contributions. We believe in the good situation, inspired by the competent authorities in support of the industry will move towards convergence with a better spring.
